{"id":10062,"date":"2022-07-24T13:16:54","date_gmt":"2022-07-24T11:16:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/crypto50x.com\/iss-ieskats-par-51-uzbrukumu-kriptovaluta\/"},"modified":"2022-07-24T13:16:54","modified_gmt":"2022-07-24T11:16:54","slug":"iss-ieskats-par-51-uzbrukumu-kriptovaluta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/iss-ieskats-par-51-uzbrukumu-kriptovaluta\/","title":{"rendered":"\u012ass ieskats par 51% uzbrukumu kriptoval\u016bt\u0101"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>51% uzbrukums ir uzbrukums <a href=\"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/kriptovaluta-demistificeta\/\">kriptoval\u016btas<\/a> blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113, ko veic kalnra\u010du, kuri kontrol\u0113 vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50% kalnra\u010du hash rate t\u012bkla. K\u0101 tirgot\u0101jam, kam pieder vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50 % t\u012bkla mezglu, jums ir vara kontrol\u0113t blok\u0137\u0113di. Uzbrukumi notiek da\u017e\u0101dos veidos, un viens no tiem ir \u012bpa\u0161nieks, kas ne\u013cauj jauniem dar\u012bjumiem sa\u0146emt apstiprin\u0101jumus. \u0160is process dod cilv\u0113kiem iesp\u0113ju aptur\u0113t maks\u0101jumus starp lietot\u0101jiem.<\/p>\n<h2>Veids, k\u0101 notiek 51% uzbrukums<\/h2>\n<p>Katru reizi, kad blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113 tiek veikts dar\u012bjums, tas tiek iek\u013cauts <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fxempire.com\/education\/article\/51-attack-explained-the-attack-on-a-blockchain-513887\">neapstiprin\u0101to dar\u012bjumu p\u016bl\u0101<\/a>. Savuk\u0101rt kalnra\u010diem tiek dota iesp\u0113ja izv\u0113l\u0113ties dar\u012bjumus no p\u016bla, veidojot dar\u012bjumu bloku. Atcerieties, ka, lai jebkuru dar\u012bjumu pievienotu blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113, ir svar\u012bgi sa\u0146emt pareizo atbildi uz m\u012bklu. Vi\u0146i izmanto skait\u013co\u0161anas jaudu, lai ieg\u016btu pareizo atbildi. T\u0101p\u0113c, ja kalnra\u010dim ir liela skait\u013co\u0161anas jauda, tad ir liela iesp\u0113ja, ka vi\u0146\u0161 sa\u0146ems pareizo atbildi. P\u0113c tam kalnra\u010dim b\u016bs at\u013cauts pievienot bloku blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113.<\/p>\n<p>Kad tirgot\u0101js sa\u0146em pareizu atbildi, t\u0101 tiek p\u0101rraid\u012bta p\u0101r\u0113jiem kalnra\u010diem. Turkl\u0101t inform\u0101cija tiks pie\u0146emta tikai tad, ja visi veiktie dar\u012bjumi b\u016bs der\u012bgi. To der\u012bguma pamat\u0101 ir eso\u0161ais ieraksts blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113. Diem\u017e\u0113l korump\u0113ti kalnra\u010di savus risin\u0101jumus p\u0101r\u0113jiem kalnra\u010diem t\u012bkl\u0101 nepazi\u0146o.<\/p>\n<p>Iepriek\u0161 min\u0113t\u0101 jaut\u0101juma d\u0113\u013c tiks izveidotas divas <a href=\"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/kas-jums-jazina-par-blockchain-tehnologiju\/\">blok\u0137\u0113des<\/a> versijas. Viens no tiem b\u016bs s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 blok\u0137\u0113de, ko likum\u012bgie kalnra\u010du sekot\u0101ji iev\u0113ro. Tom\u0113r otro izmantos korump\u0113ts kalnra\u010dis, kur\u0161 puzles rezult\u0101tus nep\u0101rraida s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 t\u012bkl\u0101. Tie\u0161i \u0161is kalnra\u010du ir tas, kur\u0161 var\u0113s apskat\u012bt inform\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n<p>Korump\u0113tais kalnra\u010da vienk\u0101r\u0161i turpin\u0101s t\u0113r\u0113t laiku un turpin\u0101t ar savu blok\u0137\u0113des versiju. J\u0101atceras, ka \u0161\u012b versija netiek p\u0101rraid\u012bta p\u0101r\u0113jam t\u012bklam. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka otr\u0101 blok\u0137\u0113de b\u016bs izol\u0113ta no t\u012bkla. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di korump\u0113tais kalnra\u010dis var t\u0113r\u0113t savus bitkoinus likum\u012bgaj\u0101 blok\u0137\u0113des versij\u0101, kurai seko citi kalnra\u010di.<\/p>\n<h2>Izpratne par 51% uzbrukumu<\/h2>\n<p>Blok\u0137\u0113de ir sadal\u012bta virsgr\u0101mata, kur\u0101 tiek re\u0123istr\u0113ta inform\u0101cija un dar\u012bjumi par tiem un p\u0113c tam dati tiek \u0161ifr\u0113ti. Blok\u0137\u0113des t\u012bkls valid\u0101cijas proces\u0101 pan\u0101k vair\u0101kuma konsensu par dar\u012bjumiem un blokiem, kuros saglab\u0101t\u0101 inform\u0101cija tiek aizz\u012bmogota. Bloki ir saist\u012bti, izmantojot kriptogr\u0101fijas metodes. \u0160\u012b probl\u0113ma padara gandr\u012bz neiesp\u0113jamu main\u012bt bloku p\u0113c apstiprin\u0101\u0161anas.<\/p>\n<p>51% uzbrukums blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113m notiek tad, kad k\u0101da grupa kontrol\u0113 vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50% hashing jaudas. P\u0113c tam grupa da\u017eos punktos t\u012bkl\u0101 ievie\u0161 izmain\u012btu blok\u0137\u0113di. Tas tiek veikts punkt\u0101, kas ir pie\u0146emams t\u012bkl\u0101, jo ir liela iesp\u0113ja, ka uzbruc\u0113ji uzvar\u0113s liel\u0101ko da\u013cu no tiem.<\/p>\n<p>Par 51% uzbrukumu atbild\u012bg\u0101s personas var r\u012bkoties \u0161\u0101di:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dar\u012bjumu apgrie\u0161ana, lai var\u0113tu divreiz izt\u0113r\u0113t mon\u0113tas.<\/li>\n<li>Jaunu dar\u012bjumu izsl\u0113g\u0161ana no re\u0123istr\u0113\u0161anas<\/li>\n<li>Ne\u013caut citiem kalnra\u010diem, kas atrodas taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 t\u012bkl\u0101, ieg\u016bt \u017eetonus vai mon\u0113tas t\u012bkl\u0101.<\/li>\n<li>Dar\u012bjumu apstiprin\u0101\u0161anas vai valid\u0113\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161ana<\/li>\n<li>Dar\u012bjumu pas\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas modific\u0113\u0161ana<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Nakamoto demokr\u0101tisk\u0101 p\u0101rvald\u012bbas mode\u013ca tr\u016bkumi<\/h2>\n<p>Pirm\u0101 blok\u0137\u0113de, kur\u0101 tika izmantota vienpr\u0101t\u012bbas sist\u0113ma Proof of Work (PoW), ir Bitcoin. To izmanto dar\u012bjumu apstiprin\u0101\u0161anai. Satoshi Nakamoto dokument\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka, saglab\u0101jot integrit\u0101ti un dro\u0161\u012bbu blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113, kalnra\u010diem jeb god\u012bgiem mezgliem b\u016btu kolekt\u012bvi j\u0101kontrol\u0113 liel\u0101ka centr\u0101l\u0101 procesora (CPU) jauda sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar citu sadarbojo\u0161os uzbruc\u0113ju mezglu grupu.<\/p>\n<p>Galvenais iemesls, k\u0101p\u0113c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jumpstartmag.com\/51-attacks-on-blockchains\/\">Nakamoto izstr\u0101d\u0101ja Bitcoin, bija finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu nepatiku un neapmierin\u0101t\u012bbu<\/a> p\u0113c Liel\u0101s finan\u0161u kr\u012bzes. Pa\u0161laik popul\u0101r\u0101k\u0101 kriptoval\u016bta ir Bitcoin. T\u0101s tirgus v\u0113rt\u012bba ir aptuveni 190 miljardi ASV dol\u0101ru. Vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b sniedza padomu, k\u0101 nov\u0113rst dubulto t\u0113r\u0113\u0161anu. Vi\u0146\u0161 uzskata, ka t\u0101 ir vien\u0101dranga digit\u0101lo val\u016btu sist\u0113mas rakstur\u012bga probl\u0113ma. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di vi\u0146\u0161 izstr\u0101d\u0101ja blok\u0137\u0113des meh\u0101nismu un pat izmantoja PoW k\u0101 konsensa sist\u0113mu.<\/p>\n<p>Nakamoto mot\u012bvs bija izveidot digit\u0101lo val\u016btu, kuru nekontrol\u0113tu finan\u0161u iest\u0101des. Pa\u0161laik \u0161\u012bs iest\u0101des darbojas k\u0101 fiat val\u016btu revidenti un sarg\u0101t\u0101ji. T\u0101p\u0113c, lai nov\u0113rstu da\u017eu indiv\u012bdu iesp\u0113ju kontrol\u0113t val\u016btu un p\u0101r\u0146emt varu, vi\u0146\u0161 ieviesa blok\u0137\u0113des tehnolo\u0123iju. Tas bija vien\u012bgais demokr\u0101tiskais veids, k\u0101 uztur\u0113t dar\u012bjumu uzskaiti.<\/p>\n<p>Saska\u0146\u0101 ar vi\u0146a ideju vi\u0146\u0161 pie\u0146\u0113ma, ka \u013caunpr\u0101t\u012bgi lietot\u0101ji neieg\u016bs vair\u0101kuma kontroli p\u0101r hash \u0101trumu. Namakoto ar\u012b uzskat\u012bja, ka liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca kalnra\u010du b\u016bs god\u012bgi. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di blok\u0137\u0113de un val\u016bta b\u016btu notur\u012bga pret uzbrukumiem. Diem\u017e\u0113l vi\u0146\u0161 tom\u0113r k\u013c\u016bd\u012bj\u0101s. 51% uzbrukumi apgr\u016btina mazo blok\u0137\u0113\u017eu darb\u012bbu un pat apdraud to izdz\u012bvo\u0161anu.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u0101 nov\u0113rst 51% uzbrukumu<\/h2>\n<p>\u0160o uzbrukumu var veikt organiz\u0101cija vai cilv\u0113ki, kuriem ir aptuveni 51% hashing jaudas. Lab\u0101kais veids, k\u0101 to nov\u0113rst, ir nepie\u013caut, ka viena vien\u012bba k\u013c\u016bst sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ka. T\u0101p\u0113c ir svar\u012bgi uzlabot kalnra\u010du decentraliz\u0101ciju, k\u0101 ar\u012b stabilu blok\u0137\u0113di.<\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/vai-bitcoin-ir-labs-kriptovalutas-ieguldijums\/\">Bitcoin<\/a> blok\u0137\u0113de ir \u013coti stingra. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka ir nepiecie\u0161ami vair\u0101ki naudas l\u012bdzek\u013ci, lai indiv\u012bds vai organiz\u0101cija var\u0113tu apsteigt 51% Bitcoin ieguves jaudu. Vair\u0101k j\u0113gas ir finansi\u0101li izmantot \u0161o jaudu un pat likum\u012bgi ieg\u016bt Bitcoin. T\u0101p\u0113c ir maza iesp\u0113ja, ka tiks piedz\u012bvots BTC dubultas t\u0113r\u0113\u0161anas uzbrukums.<\/p>\n<h2>Pag\u0101tn\u0113 notiku\u0161o 51% uzbrukumu saraksts<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Vertcoin 2018. gad\u0101 sav\u0101 t\u012bkl\u0101 re\u0123istr\u0113ja aptuveni 4 uzbrukumus. Tom\u0113r mot\u012bvs ir neskaidrs.<\/li>\n<li>2018. gad\u0101 Bitcoin Gold cieta vair\u0101k nek\u0101 18 miljonus ASV dol\u0101ru zaud\u0113jumus, jo 51% uzbrukums<\/li>\n<li>Verge 51% 2018. gada apr\u012bl\u012b izrais\u012bja 20 miljonu mon\u0113tu zaud\u0113jumu<\/li>\n<li>2018. gada maij\u0101 notika uzbrukums Bitcoin Cash. Par laimi, zaud\u0113jumu nebija.<\/li>\n<li>2019. gada janv\u0101r\u012b uzbruc\u0113ji <a href=\"https:\/\/balancingeverything.com\/51-attack-faqs\/\"> vien\u0101 uzbrukum\u0101 ETC 51% Ethereum Classic<\/a> divreiz izt\u0113r\u0113ja aptuveni <a href=\"https:\/\/balancingeverything.com\/51-attack-faqs\/\"> 1,1 miljonu ASV dol\u0101ru<\/a>. Lai gan \u0161aj\u0101 laik\u0101 kriptonauda zaud\u0113ja uzticam\u012bbu, tai izdev\u0101s atg\u016bties.<\/li>\n<li>Divk\u0101r\u0161ojiet izdevumus par vair\u0101k nek\u0101 $ 70 000 par Bitcoin Gold 2020. gad\u0101<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Aizsardz\u012bba pret darba pier\u0101d\u012bjumiem<\/h2>\n<p>Lai gan \u0161\u012bs metodes nav piln\u012bb\u0101 pier\u0101d\u012btas, uzbrukumu apgr\u016btin\u0101\u0161anai var izmantot \u0161\u0101dus pa\u0146\u0113mienus. Pirmais pa\u0146\u0113miens ir p\u0101reja uz Dele\u0123\u0113to apliecin\u0101jumu par likmi (DPoS). Iemesls ir t\u0101ds, ka DPoS izmanto da\u017e\u0101dus deleg\u0101tus, kas laika gait\u0101 main\u0101s, valid\u0113jot katru jaunu bloku. DPoS blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113 51% uzbruc\u0113ju ir j\u0101kontrol\u0113 deleg\u0101ti un hash rate. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di ir gr\u016bt\u0101k piedz\u012bvot jebk\u0101da veida uzbrukumu. T\u0101p\u0113c, samazinot risku, cilv\u0113ki var migr\u0113t no <a href=\"http:\/\/crypto50x.com\/know-what-proof-of-work-means-in-cryptocurrency\/\">PoW<\/a> uz DPoS, lai samazin\u0101tu risku.<\/p>\n<p>Cits veids ir, izmantojot modific\u0113tu eksponenci\u0101lo subjekt\u012bvo v\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anu (MESS) katrai paral\u0113lai reorganiz\u0101cijas \u0137\u0113dei, kas ien\u0101k t\u012bkl\u0101. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka visi t\u012bkla mezgli, redzot potenci\u0101lo ien\u0101ko\u0161o reorganiz\u0101ciju, sal\u012bdzina to ar pa\u0161reiz\u0113jo \u0137\u0113di no sadal\u012b\u0161anas punkta. T\u0101pat patva\u013c\u012bgi pieprasa liel\u0101ku darba apjomu turpm\u0101kai reorganiz\u0101cijas \u0137\u0113dei.<\/p>\n<p>Pirmajos reorgu blokos gravit\u0101cijas daudzums ir nenoz\u012bm\u012bgs. Tom\u0113r tas palielin\u0101s, ja tiek reorganiz\u0113ts vair\u0101k bloku. T\u0101p\u0113c uzbruc\u0113jiem var b\u016bt d\u0101rgi reorganiz\u0113t daudzus blokus, sal\u012bdzinot ar l\u0113tiem blokiem bez MESS. T\u0101p\u0113c, analiz\u0113jot bloku reorganiz\u0101cijas, var izmantot MESS, lai pie\u0161\u0137irtu punktu skaitu. Tas apliecina reorganiz\u0101cijas uzticam\u012bbu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>51% uzbrukums ir uzbrukums kriptoval\u016btas blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113, ko veic kalnra\u010du, kuri kontrol\u0113 vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50% kalnra\u010du hash rate t\u012bkla. K\u0101 tirgot\u0101jam, kam pieder vair\u0101k nek\u0101 50 % t\u012bkla mezglu, jums ir vara kontrol\u0113t blok\u0137\u0113di. Uzbrukumi notiek da\u017e\u0101dos veidos, un viens no tiem ir \u012bpa\u0161nieks, kas ne\u013cauj jauniem dar\u012bjumiem sa\u0146emt apstiprin\u0101jumus. \u0160is process dod cilv\u0113kiem iesp\u0113ju aptur\u0113t &#8230; <a title=\"\u012ass ieskats par 51% uzbrukumu kriptoval\u016bt\u0101\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/iss-ieskats-par-51-uzbrukumu-kriptovaluta\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about \u012ass ieskats par 51% uzbrukumu kriptoval\u016bt\u0101\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9864,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[927],"tags":[5254,4459,2156,5258,205],"class_list":["post-10062","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blockchain-tehnologija-lv","tag-51-uzbrukums","tag-blokkede","tag-darba-apliecinajums","tag-kalnrupnieciba","tag-kriptovaluta-lv"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10062","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10062"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10062\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10062"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10062"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/crypto50x.com\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10062"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}